Tài liệu CCNP Support Study Guide doc

To the Cisco Academy instructors, the unsung heros of the networking
industry. —TL
For my loving and beautiful wife, Claudia, my energetic and curious son,
Christopher, and also the newest precious addition to our family. —KH
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Acknowledgments

I

would like to acknowledge Kevin Hales for his hard work and
dedication. He is a great team member and can always be counted on.
Also, thanks to the great team at Sybex for always supporting me and
believing in me. —T.L.
I would like to thank, first and foremost, my wife for her patience and
support as always. Thanks need to go to my cohorts and friends Mike
Cleary, Ross Nakamura, John Storm, and Tim Keanini. Also, thanks go to
all of the staff at Sybex who facilitated this project, Linda Lee, Suzanne
Goraj, Judith Hibbard, Colleen Wheeler Strand, and the technical editors,
John Chong and Kevin Mahler.—K.H.
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Introduction
This book is intended to help you continue on your exciting new path
toward obtaining your CCNP and CCIE certification. Before reading this book,
it is important to have at least read the Sybex CCNA: Cisco Certified Network
Associate Study Guide. You can take the tests in any order, but the CCNA exam
should probably be your first test. Many questions in the Support exam are built
upon the CCNA material. However, we have done everything possible to make
sure that you can pass the Support exam by reading this book and practicing
with Cisco routers.
The new Cisco certifications reach beyond the popular certifications, such
as the MCSE and CNE, to provide you with an indispensable factor in
understanding today’s network—insight into the Cisco world of internet-
working.
Cisco—A Brief History
A lot of readers may already be familiar with Cisco and what they do. However,
those of you who are new to the field just coming in fresh from your MCSE, or
maybe even with 10 or more years in the field but wishing to brush up on the
new technology, may appreciate a little background on Cisco.
In the early 1980s, a married couple who worked in different computer depart-
ments at Stanford University started up cisco Systems (notice the small c). Their
names are Len and Sandy Bosack. They were having trouble getting their individ-
ual systems to communicate (like many married people), so in their living room
they created a gateway server to make it easier for their disparate computers in two
different departments to communicate using the IP protocol.
In 1984, Cisco Systems was founded with a small commercial gateway
server product that changed networking forever. Some people think the name
was intended to be San Francisco Systems, but the paper got ripped on the way
to the incorporation lawyers—who knows? But in 1992, the company name
was changed to Cisco Systems, Inc.
The first product it marketed was called the Advanced Gateway Server
(AGS). Then came the Mid-Range Gateway Server (MGS), the Compact
Gateway Server (CGS), the Integrated Gateway Server (IGS), and the AGS+.
Cisco calls these “the old alphabet soup products.”
In 1993, Cisco came out with the amazing 4000 router, and then created
the even more amazing 7000, 2000, and 3000 series routers. These are still
around and evolving (almost daily, it seems).
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xxii Introduction
Cisco Systems has since become an unrivaled worldwide leader in
networking for the Internet. Its networking solutions can easily connect
users who work from diverse devices on disparate networks. Cisco
products make it simple for people to access and transfer information
without regard to differences in time, place, or platform.
Cisco Systems’ big picture is that it provides end-to-end networking
solutions that customers can use to build an efficient, unified information
infrastructure of their own or to connect to someone else’s. This is an
important piece in the Internet/networking-industry puzzle because a
common architecture that delivers consistent network services to all users
is now a functional imperative. Because Cisco Systems offers such a
broad range of networking and Internet services and capabilities, users
needing regular access to their local network or the Internet can do so
unhindered, making Cisco’s wares indispensable.
Cisco answers this need with a wide range of hardware products that are used
to form information networks using the Cisco Internetworking Operating System
(IOS) software. This software provides network services, paving the way for net-
worked technical support and professional services to maintain and optimize all
network operations.
Along with the Cisco IOS, one of the services Cisco created to help support the
vast amount of hardware it has engineered is the Cisco Certified Internetworking
Expert (CCIE) program, which was designed specifically to equip people to effec-
tively manage the vast quantity of installed Cisco networks. The business plan is
simple: If you want to sell more Cisco equipment and have more Cisco networks
installed, ensure that the networks you installed run properly.
However, having a fabulous product line isn’t all it takes to guarantee the
huge success that Cisco enjoys—lots of companies with great products are
now defunct. If you have complicated products designed to solve compli-
cated problems, you need knowledgeable people who are fully capable of
installing, managing, and troubleshooting them. That part isn’t easy, so
Cisco began the CCIE program to equip people to support these complicated
networks. This program, known colloquially as the Doctorate of Network-
ing, has also been very successful, primarily due to its extreme difficulty.
Cisco continuously monitors the program, changing it as it sees fit, to make
sure that it remains pertinent and accurately reflects the demands of today’s
internetworking business environments.
Building upon the highly successful CCIE program, Cisco Career Certifi-
cations permit you to become certified at various levels of technical profi-
ciency, spanning the disciplines of network design and support. So, whether
you’re beginning a career, changing careers, securing your present position,
or seeking to refine and promote your position, this is the book for you!
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Introduction xxiii
Cisco’s Network Support Certifications
Cisco has created new certifications that will help you get the coveted CCIE,
as well as aid prospective employers in measuring skill levels. Before these
new certifications, you took only one test and were then faced with the lab,
which made it difficult to succeed. With these new certifications that add a
better approach to preparing for that almighty lab, Cisco has opened doors
that few were allowed through before. So, what are these new certifications,
and how do they help you get your CCIE?
Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) 2.0
The CCNA certification is the first certification in the new line of Cisco cer-
tifications and it is a precursor to all current Cisco certifications. With the
new certification programs, Cisco has created a type of stepping-stone
approach to CCIE certification. Now, you can become a Cisco Certified
Network Associate for the meager cost of the Sybex CCNA Study Guide
book, plus $100 for the test. And you don’t have to stop there—you can
choose to continue with your studies and achieve a higher certification
called the Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP). Someone with a
CCNP has all the skills and knowledge they need to attempt the CCIE lab.
However, because no textbook can take the place of practical experience,
we’ll discuss what else you need to be ready for the CCIE lab shortly.
Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) 2.0
This new Cisco certification has opened up many opportunities for the individ-
ual wishing to become Cisco-certified but who is lacking the training, the exper-
tise, or the bucks to pass the notorious and often failed two-day Cisco-torture
lab. The new Cisco certifications will truly provide exciting new opportunities
for the CNE and MCSE who just don’t know how to advance to a higher level.
So, you’re thinking, “Great, what do I do after I pass the CCNA exam?”
Well, if you want to become a CCIE in Routing and Switching (the most pop-
ular certification), understand that there’s more than one path to that much-
coveted CCIE certification. The first way is to continue studying and become
a Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP). That means four more
tests, and the CCNA certification, to you.
The CCNP program will prepare you to understand and comprehensively
tackle the internetworking issues of today and beyond—not limited to the Cisco
world. You will undergo an immense metamorphosis, vastly increasing your
knowledge and skills through the process of obtaining these certifications.
Remember that you don’t need to be a CCNP or even a CCNA to take the
CCIE lab, but to accomplish that, it’s extremely helpful if you already have
these certifications.
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xxiv Introduction
What Are the CCNP Certification Skills?
Cisco is demanding a certain level of proficiency for its CCNP certification. In
addition to those required for the CCNA, these skills include the following:

Installing, configuring, operating, and troubleshooting complex
routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN networks, and Dial
Access Services.

Understanding complex networks, such as IP, IGRP, IPX, Async
Routing, AppleTalk, extended access-lists, IP RIP, route redistribu-
tion, IPX RIP, route summarization, OSPF, VLSM, BGP, Serial,
IGRP, Frame Relay, ISDN, ISL, X.25, DDR, PSTN, PPP, VLANs,
Ethernet, ATM LAN-emulation, access-lists, 802.10, FDDI, and
transparent and translational bridging.
To meet the Cisco Certified Network Professional requirements, you
must be able to perform the following:

Install and/or configure a network to increase bandwidth, quicken
network response times, and improve reliability and quality of service.

Maximize performance through campus LANs, routed WANs, and
remote access.

Improve network security.

Create a global intranet.

Provide access security to campus switches and routers.

Provide increased switching and routing bandwidth—end-to-end
resiliency services.

Provide custom queuing and routed priority services.
How Do You Become a CCNP?
After becoming a CCNA, the four exams you must take to get your CCNP
are as follows:
Exam 640-503: Routing This exam continues to build on the fundamentals
learned in the CCNA course. It focuses on large multiprotocol internetworks
and how to manage them with access-lists, queuing, tunneling, route distribu-
tion, router maps, BGP, OSPF, and route summarization.
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Introduction xxv
Exam 640-504: Switching This exam tests your knowledge of the 1900
and 5000 series of Catalyst switches. The Sybex CCNP: Switching Study
Guide covers all the objectives you need to understand for passing the Switch-
ing exam.
Exam 640-506: Support This tests you on the troubleshooting informa-
tion you will learn about in this book. You must be able to troubleshoot
Ethernet and Token Ring LANS, IP, IPX, and AppleTalk networks, as
well as ISDN, PPP, and Frame Relay networks.
Exam 640-505: Remote Access This exam tests your knowledge of install-
ing, configuring, monitoring, and troubleshooting Cisco ISDN and dial-up
access products. You must understand PPP, ISDN, Frame Relay, and authen-
tication. The Sybex CCNP: Remote Access Study Guide covers all the exam
objectives.
If you hate tests, you can take fewer of them by signing up for the CCNA exam
and the Support exam, and then take just one more long exam called the
Foundation R/S exam (640-509). Doing this also gives you your CCNP—but
beware, it’s a really long test that fuses all the material listed previously into
one exam. Good luck! However, by taking this exam, you get three tests for
the price of two, which saves you $100 (if you pass). Some people think it’s
easier to take the Foundation R/S exam because you can leverage the areas
that you would score higher in against the areas in which you wouldn't.
Remember that test objectives and tests can change at any time without
notice. Always check the Cisco Web site for the most up-to-date information
(www.cisco.com).
Cisco Certified Internetworking Expert (CCIE)
You’ve become a CCNP, and now you fix your sights on getting your CCIE
in Routing and Switching—what do you do next? Cisco recommends that
before you take the lab, you take test 640-025: Cisco Internetwork Design
(CID) and the Cisco authorized course called Installing and Maintaining
Cisco Routers (IMCR). By the way, no Prometric test for IMCR exists at the
time of this writing, and Cisco recommends a minimum of two years of on-
the-job experience before taking the CCIE lab. After jumping those hurdles,
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xxvi Introduction
you then have to pass the CCIE-R/S Exam Qualification (exam 350-001)
before taking the actual lab.
To become a CCIE, Cisco recommends the following:
1. Attend all the recommended courses at an authorized Cisco training
center and pony up around $15,000–$20,000, depending on your cor-
porate discount.
2. Pass the Drake/Prometric exam ($200 per exam—so hopefully you’ll
pass it the first time).
3. Pass the two-day, hands-on lab at Cisco. This costs $1,000 per lab,
which many people fail two or more times. (Some never make it
through!) Also, because you can take the exam only in San Jose,
California; Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Sydney, Aus-
tralia; Halifax, Nova Scotia; Tokyo, Japan; or Brussels, Belgium,
you might just need to add travel costs to that $1,000. Cisco has
added new sites lately for the CCIE lab; it is best to check the Cisco
web site for the most current information.
The CCIE Skills
The CCIE Router and Switching exam includes the advanced technical skills
that are required to maintain optimum network performance and reliability,
as well as advanced skills in supporting diverse networks that use disparate
technologies. CCIEs just don’t have problems getting a job. These experts
are basically inundated with offers to work for six-figure salaries! But that’s
because it isn’t easy to attain the level of capability that is mandatory for
Cisco’s CCIE. For example, a CCIE will have the following skills down pat:

Installing, configuring, operating, and troubleshooting complex
routed LAN, routed WAN, switched LAN, and ATM LANE net-
works, and Dial-Access Services.

Diagnosing and resolving network faults.

Using packet/frame analysis and Cisco debugging tools.

Documenting and reporting the problem-solving processes used.

Having general LAN/WAN knowledge, including data encapsulation
and layering; windowing and flow control, and their relation to delay;
error detection and recovery; link-state, distance vector, and switching
algorithms; management, monitoring, and fault isolation.
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Introduction xxvii

Having knowledge of a variety of corporate technologies—including
major services provided by Desktop, WAN, and Internet groups—as
well as the functions, addressing structures, and routing, switching,
and bridging implications of each of their protocols.

Having knowledge of Cisco-specific technologies, including router/ switch
platforms, architectures, and applications; communication servers; proto-
col translation and applications; configuration commands and system/net-
work impact; and LAN/WAN interfaces, capabilities, and applications.

Designing, configuring, installing and verifying voice over IP and voice
over ATM networks.
Cisco’s Network Design Certifications
In addition to the Network Support certifications, Cisco has created another
certification track for network designers. The two certifications within this
track are the Cisco Certified Design Associate and Cisco Certified Design
Professional certifications. If you’re reaching for the CCIE stars, we highly
recommend the CCNP and CCDP certifications before attempting the lab
(or attempting to advance your career).
This certification will give you the knowledge to design routed LAN,
routed WAN, and switched LAN and ATM LANE networks.
Cisco Certified Design Associate (CCDA)
To become a CCDA, you must pass the DCN (Designing Cisco Networks) test
(640-441). To pass this test, you must understand how to do the following:

Design simple routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN and
ATM LANE networks.

Use Network-layer addressing.

Filter with access lists.

Use and propagate VLAN.

Size networks.
The Sybex CCDA: Cisco Certified Design Associate Study Guide is the most
cost-effective way to study for and pass your CCDA exam.
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xxviii Introduction
Cisco Certified Design Professional (CCDP) 2.0
If you’re already a CCNP and want to get your CCDP, you can simply take
the CID 640-025 test. If you’re not yet a CCNP, however, you must take the
CCDA, CCNA, Routing, Switching, Remote Access and CID exams.
CCDP certification skills include the following:

Designing complex routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN
and ATM LANE networks

Building upon the base level of the CCDA technical knowledge
CCDPs must also demonstrate proficiency in the following:

Network-layer addressing in a hierarchical environment

Traffic management with access-lists

Hierarchical network design

VLAN use and propagation

Performance considerations: required hardware and software; switch-
ing engines; memory, cost, and minimization
What Does This Book Cover?
This book covers everything you need to pass the CCNP Cisco Internetworking
Troubleshooting exam. It teaches you how to troubleshoot processes on Cisco
Routers and Catalyst Switches. Each chapter begins with a list of the topics cov-
ered related to the CCNP Support test, so make sure to read them over before
working through the chapter.
Chapter 1 starts with learning about the troubleshooting methodology
that should be followed to successfully resolve network problems. Different
troubleshooting approaches will be discussed.
These different troubleshooting approaches are the foundation of the
application of knowledge that will be gained throughout the book. Chapter
2 discusses Layer 2 and Layer 3 technologies and protocols. An overview is
provided for all major LAN and WAN protocols.
Chapter 3 gives you an introduction to generic troubleshooting tools.
This chapter is dedicated to making you familiar with all of the different
troubleshooting tools that are available to effectively troubleshoot net-
work problems. You move on from there to Chapter 4, in which you
learn about Cisco’s diagnostic commands. The infrastructure of high-
and low-end routers is discussed in detail, as well as the switching paths
used by each. Some global Cisco commands are also covered. Chapter
5 teaches you how to apply the commands and tools that are learned in
previous chapters.
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